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Tamago kake gohan

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Tamago kake gohan 卵かけご飯
Tamago kake gohan
TypeRice dish
Place of origin Japan
Serving temperatureWarm or hot rice, raw egg
Main ingredientsRice, raw chicken egg, soy sauce
Ingredients generally usedScallions (negi), nori, katsuobushi, natto, mentsuyu, wasabi
Similar dishesMedamayaki don, Zosui
  •   [[Commons:Tamago kake gohan|Media: Tamago kake gohan 卵かけご飯]]

Tamago kake gohan (卵かけご飯, lit. 'egg on rice'), abbreviated TKG,[1][2][3][4] is a popular Japanese breakfast food consisting of cooked Japanese rice topped or mixed with raw egg and soy sauce. It is sometimes referred to simply as tamago gohan (egg rice), tamago kake meshi (egg on rice/food), tamago bukkake gohan (egg splashed onto rice), or other variations.

The dish is considered a comfort food or soul food for many Japanese people,[5] enabled by Japan's exceptionally high standards of egg hygiene which minimize the risk of Salmonella poisoning from raw eggs. This allows the unique cultural practice of consuming raw eggs, combined with the staple food of rice, to flourish.[5]

Description

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Tamago kake gohan (left), along with tsukemono and miso soup

Cooked Japanese rice is topped or mixed with a raw chicken egg, then seasoned, typically with soy sauce.

Preparation

[edit]
Rice and egg prior to mixing

A raw egg is mixed with a bowl of Japanese rice. The rice can be cold, freshly cooked, or reheated. The egg may be broken directly into the rice bowl (either before or after the rice is added), or beaten in a separate bowl beforehand. Some people make a well in the mound of rice to pour the egg into.

Variations on preparation include:

  • Using only the egg yolk.[6]
  • Using specialized devices to whip the egg, particularly the egg white into a meringue-like foam before pouring over the rice. A cooking toy called the Kyūkyoku no TKG (Ultimate TKG) was marketed by Takara Tomy Arts in 2017 specifically for this purpose.[7][8]

Seasonings and Toppings

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The most common seasoning is soy sauce.[9][10][11][12] Other seasonings like mentsuyu (noodle soup base)[13] or ponzu are also used.[14]

Common additions include chopped scallions, nori (dried seaweed), katsuobushi (dried bonito flakes), shirasu (whitebait), tsukemono (pickles), wasabi, and nattō.[9]

Specialized Soy Sauces and Seasonings

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Since the 2000s, dozens of soy sauces specifically designed for TKG have been marketed by various companies in Japan. These are typically less salty than regular soy sauce and often contain dashi (like kombu or katsuobushi extract) and mirin (sweet rice wine) to complement the egg and rice flavour.[15] Notable examples include:

Additionally, specialized furikake seasonings specifically for TKG are also available.[22][23] Bull-Dog Sauce produced a seasoning mix called Ouchi de Gyūdon-fū Tamago Kake Gohan (おうちで 牛丼風 たまごかけご飯, Gyūdon-Style Tamago Kake Gohan at Home).[24][25]

History

[edit]
See also: History of Japanese cuisine

Historically, Japanese consumption of animal products primarily focused on seafood. Influenced by Buddhist precepts against killing (sesshō) and the Shinto reverence for rice cultivation, meat from mammals and birds was often considered impure (kegare) and rarely eaten. Although domesticated chickens arrived in Japan during the Yayoi period, imperial edicts, such as those by Emperor Tenmu and Emperor Shōmu, forbade the killing and eating of certain animals, including chickens, and eggs were likely avoided as well.[26]

During the Sengoku period and Edo period, contact with Europeans, particularly in Western Japan, introduced meat-eating habits and the consumption of eggs. Namban confectionery using eggs, such as castella and bōro, also arrived.[26]

An early dish resembling TKG, called Tamago meshi (玉子飯, egg rice), appears in the 1805 cookbook Shirōto Hōchō (素人包丁, Amateur Cooking). It involved pouring beaten egg over cooked rice and steaming it.[27] In 1838, records from the Nabeshima clan (Onji Nikki) mention "Odonburi Namatamago" (御丼 生玉子, bowl of rice [with] raw egg) being served to guests.[28]

The first person definitively known to have eaten TKG in its modern, raw form was Kishida Ginkō (1833–1905), a pioneering journalist, around 1877.[29] He reportedly recommended the dish to others.[30][31] According to a 1927 magazine article describing Ginkō's habits, he seasoned it with salt and chili pepper (bansho).[29]

Eggs were a luxury during the food shortages after World War II, but became widely affordable from the 1950s onwards. TKG then gained popularity for its taste and nutritional value.[31]

Modern Era

[edit]

Since the 2000s, Tamago kake gohan has seen a resurgence in popularity, marked by the development of specialized condiments, dedicated restaurants, regional promotion efforts, and even export.

  • 2005: The first "Japan Tamagokake Gohan Symposium" was held in Unnan, Shimane, leading to October 30th being registered as "Tamagokake Gohan Day" by the Japan Anniversary Association.[32]
  • 2006: Tankuma, considered a pioneering TKG specialty restaurant, opened in Toyooka, Hyōgo.[33][34]
  • 2008: A TKG-focused restaurant opened in Misaki, Okayama, the birthplace of Kishida Ginkō.[30][35]
  • Late 2000s: Efforts began to market TKG in Hong Kong, where raw egg consumption was traditionally uncommon.[36]
  • 2022-2023: Sakai Farm in Kuriyama, Hokkaido opened a direct sales shop with a TKG-focused eat-in space.[37]

Raw egg consumption

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Main article: Egg as food § Raw eggs

Consuming raw eggs carries a risk of Salmonella food poisoning. While common in Japan, eating raw eggs is considered unsafe in many other countries unless the eggs are pasteurized or irradiated.[38]

Egg safety in Japan

[edit]

Japan has exceptionally high standards for egg hygiene, making raw consumption relatively safe. These include:

  • Strict breeding and farm management to reduce Salmonella prevalence in hens.
  • Washing and sterilizing eggs at GP Centers (Grading and Packing facilities), often using hypochlorous acid solutions, before packaging.[39][40]
  • A best-before date system based on the assumption of raw consumption. Most producers set this date at about two weeks from packing, after which eggs are still considered safe if cooked thoroughly.[41]
  • A cold chain distribution system maintaining low temperatures from farm to retailer.

Despite these measures, the risk is not zero. Salmonella can contaminate eggs externally via feces or internally if the hen itself is infected. Consumers are advised not to use cracked eggs for raw consumption.[42]

Nutritional aspects

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The bioavailability of protein from raw eggs (51%) is significantly lower than from cooked eggs (91%).[43] Additionally, raw egg whites contain avidin, which inhibits the absorption of biotin. Consuming large amounts of raw egg white over long periods can potentially lead to biotin deficiency.[44] Conversely, some research suggests egg white protein may help lower high cholesterol levels.[45]

International Consumption

[edit]

While less common globally due to safety concerns, TKG is gaining some traction internationally. Tourists visiting Japan often try it,[46] and Japanese eggs produced under high hygiene standards are exported to places like Hong Kong and Singapore, enabling locals there to experience TKG.[46][47] Some countries have traditional dishes involving raw egg, such as steak tartare (Europe) and yukhoe (Korea).

Cultural significance

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TKG holds a significant place in Japanese food culture as a simple, quick, inexpensive, and familiar comfort food, often associated with breakfast or a light meal.

Events

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  • Japan Tamagokake Gohan Symposium: Held annually in Unnan, Shimane since 2005, originating from the development of the local TKG soy sauce "Otamahan." The symposium discusses the history and appeal of TKG and led to October 30th being designated "Tamagokake Gohan Day."
  • Aspam Tamagokake Gohan Fair: Held in Aomori, Aomori in 2009 at the Aomori Prefecture Tourist Center Aspam.
  • Guinness World Record - Town Revitalization Nippon: In Pippu, Hokkaido, on August 4, 2024, a Guinness World Record was set for the "most people making tamago kake gohan simultaneously." Proposed by local junior high students to promote the town's products (Yumepirika rice, "Kappa no Kenran" eggs, Pippu green onion soy sauce), 325 participants successfully made TKG within 5 minutes.[48][49][50]
[edit]

Tamago kake gohan appears frequently in Japanese media:

See also

[edit]
The Wikibook Cookbook:Tamago kake gohan has a page on the topic of: Tamago kake gohan

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "おとなのTKG（たまごかけご飯）" [Adult TKG (Tamago Kake Gohan)] (in Japanese). Nagatanien. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  2. ^ "【竹内美樹の口福のおすそわけ 315】TKG!! 宿泊料飲施設ジャーナリスト 竹内美樹" [[Miki Takeuchi's Sharing of Bliss 315] TKG!! Accommodation and Food Service Journalist Miki Takeuchi]. Kankō Keizai Shimbun (in Japanese). 16 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  3. ^ "シンプルでお手軽♪ 卵かけご飯（TKG）のおいしいレシピ7選" [Simple and Easy♪ 7 Delicious Recipes for Tamago Kake Gohan (TKG)]. macaroni (in Japanese). 25 September 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  4. ^ "TKG（卵かけご飯）お店でこだわり" [TKG (Tamago Kake Gohan) - Restaurant Specifics]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 25 January 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b "ソウルフード卵かけご飯 日本でこれだけ広がった理由" [Soul Food Tamago Kake Gohan: The Reason It Spread So Widely in Japan]. NIKKEI STYLE (in Japanese). 31 October 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  6. ^ Suzuki, Mami (4 June 2014). "A Raw Egg On Rice Is A Japanese Feast". tofugu.com.
  7. ^ "ふわっとした食感がたまらない!!『究極のTKG』で絶品たまごかけごはんを堪能した" [The Fluffy Texture is Irresistible!! Enjoyed Exquisite Tamago Kake Gohan with the "Ultimate TKG"]. Real Sound Tech (in Japanese). 3 May 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  8. ^ "【買い物上手】大人も楽しむクッキングトイ「究極」求めかきまわせ／走る電車が寿司運ぶ" [[Shopping Savvy] Cooking Toys Adults Can Enjoy Too; Stirring for the "Ultimate" / Train Carries Sushi]. The Nikkei (in Japanese) (Morning, Nikkei Plus 1 supplement ed.). 22 September 2018. p. 5.
  9. ^ a b c T.K.G. Project (2007). 365日たまごかけごはんの本 [The 365-Day Tamago Kake Gohan Book] (in Japanese). Yomiuri Rengō Kōkokusha. ISBN 978-4-99-037880-6.
  10. ^ "全国のたまごかけごはん" [Tamago Kake Gohan Across Japan] (in Japanese). Ise Foods Inc. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  11. ^ "AJINOMOTO PARK レシピ大百科 たまごかけご飯" [AJINOMOTO PARK Recipe Encyclopedia: Tamago Kake Gohan] (in Japanese). Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  12. ^ "卵かけごはんのレシピ・つくり方｜キッコーマン|ホームクッキング" [Tamago Kake Gohan Recipe & Method | Kikkoman | Home Cooking] (in Japanese). Kikkoman Corporation. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  13. ^ "たまごかけご飯" [Tamago Kake Gohan] (in Japanese). Yamaki Co., Ltd. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  14. ^ "「なにコレ罪深すぎ…」醤油を使わないのに味わい深い絶品卵かけご飯" ["What is This, It's Too Sinful..." Exquisite Tamago Kake Gohan Deeply Flavorful Without Soy Sauce]. Lettuce Club News (in Japanese). 8 May 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  15. ^ "「玉子かけご飯」から「アイスクリーム」専用まで "個性派醤油"50本を総チェック!〔3〕" [From "Tamago Kake Gohan" to "Ice Cream" Specific Use: Checking Out 50 Unique Soy Sauces! [Part 3]]. Nikkei Trendy Net (in Japanese). 28 December 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ "卵かけご飯には「おたまはん」!おにぎり食べるなら「おにぎりみそ」!ご飯を美味しく食べるなら!【吉田ふるさと村 だんだん市場】" [For Tamago Kake Gohan, "Otamahan"! For Onigiri, "Onigiri Miso"! To Eat Delicious Rice! [Yoshida Furusato Mura Dandan Market]] (in Japanese).
  17. ^ "寺岡家の有機醤油" [Teraoka Family's Organic Soy Sauce] (in Japanese).
  18. ^ "濱田醤油株式会社、醤油加工品" [Hamada Shōyu Co., Ltd., Processed Soy Sauce Products] (in Japanese).
  19. ^ ""たまごかけご飯"や"刺身"をおいしく食べる専用しょうゆ「ヒゲタ たまごかけご飯にどうぞ!」「ヒゲタ さしみ醤油」新発売!" [Specialty Soy Sauces for Deliciously Eating "Tamago Kake Gohan" and "Sashimi": "Higeta Tamago Kake Gohan ni Dōzo!" and "Higeta Sashimi Shōyu" New Releases!] (in Japanese). Kikkoman News Release. 1 February 2008.
  20. ^ "伊賀越 たまごにかけるだし醤油" [Igagoe Dashi Soy Sauce for Pouring on Egg] (in Japanese).
  21. ^ "コケコッコー共和国 山の駅よって亭" [Kokekokkō Republic Yama no Eki Yottetei]. Tabiiro (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  22. ^ "丸美屋、卵かけごはん専用のふりかけを発売" [Marumiya Releases Furikake Exclusively for Tamago Kake Gohan]. Nikkei Trendy Net (in Japanese). 19 January 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  23. ^ "商品一覧" [Product List]. Tamago no Ki (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
  24. ^ "「おうちで 牛丼風 たまごかけご飯130g」" ["Ouchi de Gyūdon-fū Tamago Kake Gohan 130g"] (in Japanese). MSN Sankei News. 28 January 2010.
  25. ^ "「おうちで 牛丼風 たまごかけご飯」発売（ブルドックソース）" ["Ouchi de Gyūdon-fū Tamago Kake Gohan" Released (Bull-Dog Sauce)]. Nihon Shokuryō Shimbun (in Japanese). Nihon Shokuryō Shimbunsha. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  26. ^ a b Ego, Michiko (2011). 長崎奉行のお献立―南蛮食べもの百科 [The Nagasaki Magistrate's Menu: Encyclopedia of Nanban Food] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. p. 169. ISBN 978-4-64-208048-4.
  27. ^ "江戸後期の料理書を再現！「江戸前」極上玉子かけご飯の作り方" [Recreating a Late Edo Cookbook! How to Make "Edomae" Supreme Tamago Kake Gohan] (in Japanese). Shogakukan. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  28. ^ Ego, Michiko (2011). 長崎奉行のお献立―南蛮食べもの百科 [The Nagasaki Magistrate's Menu: Encyclopedia of Nanban Food] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. p. 171. ISBN 978-4-64-208048-4.
  29. ^ a b "【はじまりを歩く】たまごかけごはん（岡山県美咲町）鶏卵和えて食した 町が誇る偉人" [[Walking Through Beginnings] Tamago Kake Gohan (Misaki, Okayama) Mixing Chicken Egg with Rice, Eaten by the Town's Proud Great Man]. Asahi Shimbun, Saturday morning extra "be" (in Japanese). 10 July 2021. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  30. ^ a b ""たまごかけごはん"の店「食堂かめっち。」ホームページ" [Homepage of "Tamago Kake Gohan" Restaurant "Shokudō Kametchi."]. Town of Misaki Website (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  31. ^ a b Hara, Yasuaki (2010). 調味料の基礎知識 [Basic Knowledge of Seasonings]. Shoku no Kyōkasho (in Japanese). et al. eds. Ei Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 978-4-77-791685-6.
  32. ^ "今日は何の日 たまごかけごはんの日（10月30日）|意味や由来・広報PRに活用するポイントや事例を紹介" [What Day is Today? Tamagokake Gohan Day (October 30) | Introducing its Meaning, Origin, PR Points & Examples]. PR TIMES MAGAZINE (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  33. ^ "但熊4周年" [Tankuma 4th Anniversary]. Hyakushōkan・Tankuma・Subarashiki Nōgyō Blog (in Japanese). 21 March 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  34. ^ "卵にかけた"逆転人生" 卵かけご飯ブームの先駆け、人気の専門店「但熊」" [A "Turnaround Life" Bet on Eggs: Pioneer of the Tamago Kake Gohan Boom, Popular Specialty Restaurant "Tankuma"]. Kobe Shimbun NEXT (in Japanese). 26 June 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  35. ^ "岸田吟香にあやかった卵かけご飯の店オープン 岡山・美咲町" [Tamago Kake Gohan Restaurant Inspired by Kishida Ginkō Opens in Misaki, Okayama]. MSN Sankei News (in Japanese). 23 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  36. ^ "香港で卵販売開始 卵かけご飯試食会好評 高岡の養鶏会社「仁光園」" [Egg Sales Start in Hong Kong; Tamago Kake Gohan Tasting Event Well-Received; Takaoka Poultry Company "Jinkōen"]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese) (Tokyo Morning ed.). 19 March 2009. p. 32.
  37. ^ "いよいよ明日から酒井農場本舗 生たまごＬａｂオープン". Instagram. Sakai Farm. April 28, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  38. ^ "Salmonella and Eggs". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  39. ^ "卵とサルモネラについて 卵の殺菌処理" [About Eggs and Salmonella: Egg Sterilization Treatment] (in Japanese). Tōhō Institute for Microbiology. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  40. ^ "GPセンター" [GP Center]. Chikusan ZOO Kan (in Japanese). Chiiki Chikusan Sōgō Shien Taisei Seibi Jigyō. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  41. ^ "日本卵業協会 卵の賞味期限はどれくらいですか？" [Japan Egg Industry Association: How long is the best-before date for eggs?]. www.nichirankyo.or.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  42. ^ "卵による食中毒を家庭でも予防しましょう" [Let's Prevent Food Poisoning from Eggs at Home Too] (in Japanese). Hokkaido Government Okhotsk General Subprefectural Bureau, Health and Environment Department. Archived from the original on 2023-02-08.
  43. ^ Evenepoel, P.; Geypens, B.; Luypaerts, A.; Hiele, M.; Ghoos, Y.; & Rutgeerts, P. (1998). Digestibility of Cooked and Raw Egg Protein in Humans as Assessed by Stable Isotope Techniques. The Journal of Nutrition, 128 (10), 1,716–1,722. Abstract
  44. ^ Shibata Katsumi (2007). "成人におけるビオチンの目安量についての検討" [Study on the Estimated Average Requirement for Biotin in Adults] (PDF). 日本人の食事摂取基準（栄養所要量）の策定に関する基礎的研究 平成16年度~18年度 総合研究報告書 [Basic Research for the Establishment of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese: FY2004-2006 Comprehensive Research Report] (in Japanese). et al.
  45. ^ Okuura Tomoko; Kimura Mamoru; Oda Hiroaki. "卵白タンパク質による高コレステロール血症改善効果のメカニズム" [Mechanism of the Hypercholesterolemia-Improving Effect of Egg White Protein] (PDF) (in Japanese). Kewpie Corporation R&D. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ^ a b "「卵かけご飯TKG G外国人に新鮮 Kこだわりの卵 T定着の兆し」" ["Tamago Kake Gohan TKG: G-Fresh for Foreigners, K-Specialty Eggs, T-Signs of Taking Root"]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese) (Evening ed.). 16 November 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  47. ^ Okudera Jun (8 February 2023). "世界発2023 日本産生卵、香港で市民権 輸入拡大、日本の物価上がらず手頃に" [World Report 2023: Japanese Raw Eggs Gain Citizenship in Hong Kong; Import Expansion, Affordable as Japanese Prices Remain Stable]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese) (Tokyo Morning ed.). p. 1.
  48. ^ Yokota Nobuyuki (5 August 2024). "ギネス 比布町 325人で卵かけご飯 祝ギネス認定! 特産の3品にちなみ" [Guinness: Pippu Town, 325 People Make Tamago Kake Gohan; Celebrating Guinness Certification! Based on 3 Specialty Products]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese) (Hokkaido Local ed.). p. 23.
  49. ^ Yamanaka Yūsuke (23 July 2024). "卵かけご飯作り ギネスに挑戦 比布食材PR 参加者を募る" [Making Tamago Kake Gohan: Challenging Guinness; Promoting Pippu Ingredients; Recruiting Participants]. Hokkaido Shimbun (in Japanese) (Asahikawa B Morning ed.). p. 17.
  50. ^ "「卵かけご飯」でギネス挑戦 比布町 325人同時に作り記録認定" ["Tamago Kake Gohan" Guinness Challenge: Pippu Town, 325 People Make it Simultaneously, Record Certified]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese) (Tokyo Morning ed.). 6 August 2024. p. 26. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  51. ^ "池波正太郎も舌鼓！赤穂浪士が討ち入り前に食べた「卵かけご飯」を再現" [Shōtarō Ikenami Also Savored It! Recreating the "Tamago Kake Gohan" Eaten by the Akō Rōnin Before the Raid] (in Japanese). Serai.jp. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  52. ^ "アイドルシーンの最終兵器？あの現役JKユニットが映画デビュー！" [The Final Weapon of the Idol Scene? That Current JK Unit Makes Their Film Debut!]. MOVIE WALKER PRESS (in Japanese). MOVIE WALKER. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
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