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Foreign relations of Jordan

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Politics of Jordan

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

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The foreign relations of Jordan have been consistently a pro-Western foreign policy.

United Kingdom and United States

[edit]
Main articles: Jordan–United Kingdom relations and Jordan–United States relations

Jordan has had close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom for many years.[1][2] During the first Gulf War (1990), these relations were damaged by Jordan's neutrality and its maintenance of relations with Iraq. Later, Jordan restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq and in the Southwest Asia peace process. After King Hussein's death in 1999, relations between Jordan and the Persian Gulf countries greatly improved.[3]

In 2000, Jordan signed a Free Trade Agreement with the United States, which went into effect in 2010.[4]

In 2013, the U.S. approved the CIA–led Timber Sycamore covert operation, based in Jordan, to train and arm Syrian rebels.[5]

European Union

[edit]
See also: Germany–Jordan relations, Greece–Jordan relations, and Jordan–Portugal relations

Jordan enjoys "advanced status" with the European Union and is part of the European Neighbourhood Policy, which aims to increase links between the EU and its neighbours.[6]

Palestine and regional neighbours

[edit]
Hussein I of Jordan and Yitzhak Rabin, with Bill Clinton, after signing the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace, 26 October 1994
Main article: Israel–Jordan relations
See also: Jordan–Palestine relations

Owing to its location, bordering Israel, Syria, and Iraq, Jordan has experienced wars along its borders for decades, and maintains careful diplomatic relations with Israel and its main ally, the U.S.[7]

Along with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, as of 2009 Jordan was one of only three Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel, Jordan's direct neighbour.[8]

Jordan views an independent Palestinian state with the 1967 borders, as part of the two-state solution and of supreme national interest.[9] The ruling Hashemite dynasty has had custodianship over holy sites in Jerusalem since 1924, a position reinforced in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. Turmoil in Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa mosque between Israelis and Palestinians created tensions between Jordan and Israel concerning the former's role in protecting the Muslim and Christian sites in Jerusalem.[10]

Jordan signed a non-aggression pact with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, D.C., on 25 July 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary of State Warren Christopher.[7][better source needed] The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions during which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues.[11]

Israel captured East Jerusalem and the West Bank, which was annexed by Jordan since 1950, in 1967. Since 1967, Pakistan has been demanding its vacation at the international level. Jordan, together with Pakistan, is playing an effective role in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[citation needed]

2023 Israel-Hamas War

[edit]
Further information: Israel-Hamas War

The political landscape of Jordan has changed as a consequence of the conflict between Israel and Hamas from October 2023. Prime minister Bisher al Khasawneh expressed his country's disapproval of Israel's offensive in Gaza by recalling its ambassador from Israel, and declared that Israel's ambassador, who had departed Amman following Hamas' attack, would not be permitted to return. Khasawneh argued that Israel's blockade of the heavily-populated Gaza Strip could not be justified as self-defense, and criticised the indiscriminate Israeli assault, which had included safe zones and ambulances in its targets.[12][13]

Jordanian residents (including the approximately 2 million Palestinian refugees and others with Palestinian roots) have staged protests against Israel's actions in Gaza, which adds pressure to the government to take action on the issue.[7] There is also evidence that there is more sympathy with Hamas among Jordanians in recent years.[14] However, Jordan's Western allies view the kingdom as a potentially vital mediator, should Israel and Hamas agree to negotiate. King Abdullah has been taking part in diplomatic meetings in Europe, aiming to secure safe passage of humanitarian aid; however, the government is also grappling with domestic problems such as inflation, unemployment, and trafficking of arms and drugs through Jordan to the West Bank. The king and Queen Rania have criticised Israel's action in Gaza, and called for a ceasefire. Jordan's ambassador to Israel was recalled, and the Israeli ambassador was told to stay away. Queen Rania, whose family is Palestinian with roots in the West Bank town of Nablus, called on Western leaders to denounce Israel's attacks on Palestinian civilians in an interview aired on CNN in the U.S. There are fears of a huge influx of refugees into Jordan as a result of the Israel-Hamas War.[7]

UN and other affiliations

[edit]
See also: Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations

Jordan is an active member of the UN[15] and several of its specialised and related agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, and World Health Organization.[citation needed]

Jordan is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and of the Arab League.[16][17]

It is also a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement.[18]

Jordan and Morocco tried to join the Gulf Cooperation Council in 2011, but the Gulf countries offered a five-year development aid programme instead.[19]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Jordan maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United Kingdom 17 June 1946[20]
2  Lebanon 1 October 1946[21]
3  Turkey 11 January 1947[22][23]
4  Spain 19 April 1947[24]
5  Belgium 4 May 1947[25]
6  Iraq 24 May 1947[26]
7  Egypt 28 May 1947[27]
8  Pakistan 29 December 1947[28]
9  Greece 1947[29][30]
10  India 1947[31][32]
11  France 12 January 1948[33]
12  Afghanistan 5 February 1948[34]
13  Saudi Arabia 12 August 1948[35]
14  Syria 1948[36]
15  United States 18 February 1949[37]
16   Switzerland 26 March 1949[38]
17  Italy 14 August 1949[39]
18  Iran 16 November 1949[40]
19  Indonesia 27 February 1950[41]
20  Austria 6 April 1951[42]
21  Netherlands 15 December 1951[43]
22  Serbia 1951[44]
23  Germany 17 November 1953[45]
24  Japan 14 July 1954[46]
25  Argentina 23 August 1954[47]
26  Chile 28 September 1954[48]
27  Venezuela 1954[49]
28  Morocco 1956[50]
29  Sudan 1956[51]
30  Tunisia 1956[52]
31  Sweden 1957[53]
32  Denmark 18 January 1958[54]
33  Brazil 6 April 1959[55][56]
34  Finland 28 November 1959[57]
35  Ethiopia 16 May 1960[58]
36  Yemen 17 April 1961[59]
37  Libya 30 August 1961[60]
38  Nigeria 30 September 1961[61]
39  Kuwait 2 December 1961[62]
40  South Korea 26 July 1962[63]
41  Algeria December 1962[64]
42  Cyprus 1962[65]
43  Russia 21 August 1963[66]
44  Poland 20 February 1964[67]
45  Czech Republic 30 April 1964[68]
46  Hungary 16 May 1964[69]
47  Bulgaria 9 October 1964[70]
48  Canada 23 December 1964[71]
49  Romania 2 April 1965[72]
50  Sri Lanka 6 July 1965[73]
51    Nepal 20 August 1965[74]
52  Malaysia 1965[75][76]
53  Somalia 24 December 1966[77]
54  Guinea 17 May 1966[78]
55  Thailand 10 November 1966[79]
56  Norway 7 January 1969[80]
57  Senegal 12 July 1969[81]
58  Chad January 1970[82]
59  Mauritania 4 May 1970[83]
60  United Arab Emirates 8 December 1971[84]
61  Qatar 18 May 1972[85]
62  Bahrain 10 June 1972[86]
63  Oman 11 June 1972[87]
64  Uganda 27 June 1972[88]
65  Portugal 5 July 1972[89]
66  Bangladesh 15 October 1973[90][91]
67  Luxembourg 5 December 1973[92]
68  Malta 4 June 1974[93]
—  North Korea (suspended)[94] 5 July 1974[95]
69  Cambodia September 1974[96]
70  Australia 29 April 1975[97]
71  Mexico 9 July 1975[98][99]
72  Mauritius February 1976[100]
73  Philippines 1 March 1976[101]
74  China 7 April 1977[102]
75  Cuba 7 September 1979[103]
76  Ecuador 1 January 1980[104]
77  Vietnam 19 August 1980[105]
78  Maldives 25 March 1981[106]
79  Mongolia 21 May 1981[107]
80  Colombia 22 October 1982[108]
81  Djibouti 3 April 1984[109]
82  Ireland 15 May 1984[110]
83  Brunei 18 February 1985[111]
84  Peru 21 October 1985[112]
85  Uruguay 14 January 1987[113]
86  Albania 18 May 1987[114]
87  New Zealand 25 October 1987[115]
88  Mali 25 April 1988[116]
89  Singapore 28 July 1988[117]
—  State of Palestine 7 January 1989[118]
90  Guatemala 31 January 1990[104]
91  Iceland 5 December 1990[119]
92  Nicaragua 27 May 1991[120]
93  Ukraine 19 April 1992[121]
94  San Marino 13 July 1992[122]
95  Kazakhstan 9 February 1993[123]
96  Kyrgyzstan 10 February 1993[124]
97  Azerbaijan 13 February 1993[125]
98  Uzbekistan 15 February 1993[126]
99  Turkmenistan 18 February 1993[127]
100  Slovakia 3 March 1993[128]
101  Eritrea 15 July 1993[129]
102  South Africa 28 September 1993[130]
103  Slovenia 22 October 1993[131]
104  Panama 7 February 1994[104]
—  Holy See 3 March 1994[132]
105  Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 March 1994[133]
106  Georgia 6 May 1994[134]
107  Croatia 29 June 1994[135]
108  Lithuania 5 July 1994[136]
109  Latvia 12 September 1994[137]
110  Israel 27 November 1994[138]
111  Armenia 18 June 1996[139]
112  Belarus 15 October 1996[104]
113  Moldova 19 June 1997[140]
114  Guyana 19 August 1998[104]
115  Kenya 1998[141][142]
116  Malawi 23 June 1999[104]
117  Andorra 3 March 2000[143]
118  North Macedonia 15 September 2000[144]
119  Estonia 24 January 2001[145]
120  Democratic Republic of the Congo 16 September 2002[146]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 29 June 2003[147]
121  Honduras 7 September 2003[148]
122  Angola 15 July 2004[104]
123  Paraguay 15 November 2005[104]
124  Zambia 6 June 2006[149]
125  Belize 28 June 2006[104]
126  Niger 11 December 2006[150]
127  Costa Rica 10 January 2007[104]
128  El Salvador 10 January 2007[104]
129  Gambia 13 March 2007[151]
130  Ghana 5 June 2007[152]
131  Liberia 10 December 2007[153]
132  Dominican Republic 23 September 2008[104]
133  Burkina Faso 14 June 2009[154]
134  Montenegro 19 May 2010[104]
135  Fiji 15 November 2011[104]
136  Tajikistan 13 January 2012[104]
137  Mozambique 9 August 2012[155]
138  Sierra Leone 3 December 2012[156]
—  Kosovo 4 June 2013[157]
139  Benin 4 June 2014[158]
140  South Sudan 1 March 2015[159]
141  Ivory Coast 15 April 2015[160]
142  Tanzania 3 June 2015[161]
143  Rwanda 4 June 2017[162]
144  Kiribati 8 August 2017[163]
145  Antigua and Barbuda 27 September 2017[104]
146  Comoros 2 September 2018[164]
147  Saint Kitts and Nevis 9 December 2020[165]
148  Monaco 29 April 2021[166]
149  Republic of the Congo 5 December 2021[167]
150  Jamaica 23 September 2023[168]
151  Guinea-Bissau 3 March 2024[169]
152  Zimbabwe 3 March 2024[169]
153  East Timor 22 November 2024[104]

List of bilateral relations

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia
  • Armenia is represented by a consulate in the capital Amman.
 Azerbaijan See Azerbaijan-Jordan relations
  • On December 28, 1991, Jordan recognized the independence of Azerbaijan.
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Baku.
 Brazil
  • Brazil has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Brasília.
 Brunei Darussalam

In May 2008, King Abdullah II visited Brunei, to bolster ties between Jordan and the southeast Asian nation, as well as discuss issues facing the Muslim world. Along with Sultan of Brunei Darussalam, Abdullah signed agreements devised to enhance cooperation in the economic, tourism and defense fields.[170]

 Chile 28 September 1954 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1954 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Jordan to Chile Mr. Issa Bandak.[48]
  • Chile has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Santiago.
 China 7 April 1977
 Cyprus
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Nicosia.
 Denmark 18 January 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1958 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Jordan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Eggert Holten[54]
  • Denmark has an honorary consulate in Amman.[173]
  • Jordan has an honorary consulate in Copenhagen[174]
 Egypt 28 May 1947 See Egypt–Jordan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1947 when Mohamed Bey Yassin, Egyptian Minister in Transjordan with residence in Baghdad presented his credentials.[27]

  • Egypt has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Cairo.
 France France is Jordan's biggest European investor[175][176][177]
 Georgia See Georgia–Jordan relations
 Germany See Germany–Jordan relations
 Greece See Greece–Jordan relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Athens.
 Holy See See Holy See–Jordan relations

The Holy See has a nunciature in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See. The Holy See has maintained comparatively good relations with Jordan. The name of the country comes from the Jordan River, which is significant to Christians because it was the place where Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist. Various Christian clerics in the Arab world have a Jordanian background, such as Maroun Lahham in Tunisia and Fouad Twal in Palestine.

 India

See India–Jordan relations

The Republic of India and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan signed their first bilateral agreement for cooperation and friendly relations in 1947, which was formalised in 1950 when India became a sovereign democratic republic.[183] The Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India stated in August 2011 that, 'India and Jordan have very warm, cordial and cooperative relations; and it is our hope that the existing mutually beneficial relationship would be further deepened and strengthened in the days ahead.'[184] Indian tourists visited Jordan in large numbers in 2010, with nearly 51,000 visitors. Apart from this, military, cultural and economic exchanges between the two nations is widespread. Quoting the Indian Foreign Ministry, 'India was the largest export partner and ninth largest import partner of Jordan in 2008. The trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$1.785 billion in 2008 i.e. Jordan's imports from India stood at about US$503 million in 2008 while its exports to India reached at US$1.283 billion in 2008. India's position in 2009 is third and fifteenth respectively as the trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$983 million in 2009 i.e. India's exports to Jordan in 2009 stood at US$297 million while imports were valued at US$686 million. In 2010, the India-Jordan trade volume stood at US$1.16 billion i.e. India's exports to Jordan stood at US$382 million in 2010 while imports were to the tune of US$783 million in 2010.'[184] Jordan is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and has thus forged close relations with India.

 Iraq 24 May 1947 See Iraq–Jordan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1947 when Jamil Pasha el Rawi, the first Iraqi Minister to Transjordan, presented his credentials.[26]

Despite periodic crises of confidence and lingering Iraqi resentment over Jordan's close ties with Saddam Hussein, the two countries have managed to forge deep ties, in fact, Jordan has taken the lead among Arab states to do so. In the face of repeated attacks and threats, Jordan has maintained a strong diplomatic presence in Baghdad. The economic impact of the Iraq crisis in Jordan has been mixed. Jordan has benefited greatly from serving as a "gateway" to Iraq for governments, aid workers, contractors, and businesspeople, the real estate and banking sectors are booming, and it stands to reap more benefits from increased trade and transport should the situation in Iraq improve. However, with the fall of Saddam Hussein, Jordan lost the sizable oil subsidies and customary shipments it received from Iraq.[185]

Unlike many of Iraq's other neighbors, Jordan can claim only modest influence over developments in Iraq. The kingdom does have notable intelligence capabilities vis-à-vis Iraq, and it reportedly helped the United States track down and kill Al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Although some Jordanians highlight cross-border tribal and family connections with Iraqi Sunni Arabs, they pale in comparison to those of the West Bank, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan's most significant means of influence is its hosting of a large and ever-changing Iraqi expatriate community, mostly of Sunni Arab origin.

 Israel 27 November 1994 See Israel–Jordan relations

Both countries established full diplomatic relations with the ratification of the peace treaty on 27 November 1994.[186]

Jordan and Israel have had official relations since 1994, when their leaders signed a peace treaty.[187] Historically, Jordan has had relatively warm relations with Israel compared to other Arab nations. Jordan, Egypt, the UAE, Bahrain and Morocco are the only Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel.

 Japan Japan is one of Jordan’s biggest donors.[188]
 Kosovo

Jordan recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 7 July 2009.[189]

Jordan supported Kosovo at the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in December 2009.[190]

 Kuwait See Jordan–Kuwait relations

Kuwait's relations with Jordan weakened during the Gulf War because of Jordan's stand with Iraq. However, the two nations have apparently decided to bury the past. King Abdullah II and the Emir of Kuwait are working to restore good relations and further strengthen them.

 Lebanon See Jordan–Lebanon relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Amman.
 Malaysia See Jordan–Malaysia relations

Jordan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[191] and Malaysia has an embassy in Amman.[192] Relations between the two countries are mainly in economic and Islamic affairs.

 Mexico See Jordan–Mexico relations
 Netherlands
  • Jordan has an embassy in The Hague.
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Amman.
 Pakistan See Jordan–Pakistan relations

The preliminary and initial forms of Pakistan-Jordan contact can date as early as up to the 1970s and 1980s, although associations have risen at firmer altitudes since the mid-1990s up to 2000. In 2001, some prominent Pakistani leaders completed a visit to Amman, where they discussed with leaders of Jordan about pledging full-scale cooperations. In the duration of the convention, the King of Jordan had lauded what he called "deep, strong and historical relations" between the two countries and affirmed Jordan's keenness on consolidating its ties with Pakistan for the benefit of the two peoples.[195]

 Palestine See Jordan–Palestine relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Ramallah and a representative office in Gaza City.
  • Palestine has an embassy in Amman.
 Portugal See Jordan–Portugal relations
 Qatar See Jordan–Qatar relations

During the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Jordan downgraded diplomatic ties with Qatar.[196]

 Romania
  • Jordan has an embassy in Bucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy in Amman.
 Russia See Jordan–Russia relations

Russia has an embassy in Amman, while Jordan has an embassy in Moscow.

 Saudi Arabia See Jordan–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Amman.
 South Korea 26 July 1962 See Jordan–South Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1962[197]

  • Jordan has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korean embassy in Amman.[198]
 Spain See Jordan–Spain relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Amman.
 Syria See Jordan–Syria relations

Relations between Jordan and Syria have fluctuated widely between normal diplomatic relations and full armed confrontation. At times, each side has attempted to subvert the other, and has supported and provided refuge to the other's internal opposition groups.

 Turkey See Jordan–Turkey relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Amman.
 United Arab Emirates See Jordan–United Arab Emirates relations
  • The United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan maintains an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. Both countries are part of the Middle East region and share close cultural ties.
  • Most notably, Princess Haya bint Al Hussein of Dubai is of Jordanian origin.
 United Kingdom See Jordan–United Kingdom relations
British Sea King of 845 NAS in the Jordanian desert during Exercise Pashtun Commando 2013

The royal family has close ties to Britain - King Abdullah's mother Princess Muna is British by birth and Queen Noor has a country house in Berkshire. Jordan has good relations with the British armed services, with regular visits and training events such as Exercise Pashtun Commando 2013.

 United States See Jordan–United States relations
See also: Embassy of Jordan, Washington, D.C.; List of Jordanian ambassadors to the United States; and United States Ambassador to Jordan

U.S. policy seeks to reinforce Jordan's commitment to peace, stability, and moderation.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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